The Covid-19 pandemic resulted in extensive national lockdowns whereby businesses had to adapt almost overnight to remote working which saw many pushed into a digital world.
As digital business is increasing across many industries, central banks are now also adapting the architecture of money. However, some countries are taking this step sooner than others writes Amit Ghosh, Head of Asia Pacific at R3.
Digital money powered by blockchain has matured rapidly in just a few short years, but the ultimate sign of graduation from the margins into the mainstream is perhaps the way that central banks are now embracing the technology. This evolution is in the process of transforming the way money works for businesses ranging from the largest financial institutions to SMEs and beyond.
APAC is leading by example when it comes to embracing new technology. Countries across Asia-Pacific have drawn global attention due to their innovative applications of cutting-edge technology. APAC’s success with central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) is a key example. Countries which have historically been at the forefront of currency developments, such as the US and the UK are no longer leading the charge. Desire to protect longstanding currencies has led to a ‘regulation first’ not ‘innovation first’ approach for many.
The US Fed, the Bank of England, the Bank of Japan and the European Central Bank are all currently exploring the technology. Meanwhile, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the so-called “central banks’ central bank” has been discussing CBDCs at length, and recently forecasted that amid the current global pandemic, contaminated bills may be the catalyst for central banks to deliver a digital cash alternative for payments.
So why else are central banks, the heart of the economic establishment, so interested in a technology with such radical and revolutionary roots?
In part, they are responding to challenges from private sector initiatives, such as Facebook’s Libra. However, CBDCs also suggest substantial benefits for general purpose use which make them highly attractive in their own right. Specifically, central banks’ motivations include:
- providing a cash alternative
- promoting financial inclusion
- increasing seigniorage profit (the difference between a currency’s face value and the cost of its production and distribution)
- implementing monetary policy
- linking payments to identity
- modernising payments for a digital economy
What’s interesting about the recent models is the collaborative approach many are taking with a supporting cast from the private sector. For example, the Bank of England is researching what it calls the ‘platform model’, in which the bank is the only entity allowed to create or destroy a token, while leaving ‘payment interface providers’ (PIPs) to interact with end-users.
The proposal gives the PIPs the responsibility to maintain KYC checks, while providing them with the freedom to differentiate themselves by providing additional services on top of the core payments.
Others have gone a step further. Researchers at the IMF recently coined the term ‘synthetic CBDC’ (sCBDC) to describe a model in which a non-central bank entity, such as a commercial bank, can issue a stablecoin backed by central bank reserves.
Ultimately, we are likely to see a variety of uses for CBDCs in the retail space and a number of different implementations. These will have important benefits for a wide variety of institutions, from corporate treasury departments to payment networks open to the general public.
We see the distinction quickly blurring between the currently evolving retail CBDC models and previous projects with wholesale CBDCs. We have already learned that a CBDC is a great tool at the wholesale level, and its applications teach us a lot about the prospects for retail CBDCs. For example:
- Project Ubin with the Monetary Authority of Singapore taught us that a blockchain-enabled CBDC supports more efficient complex payment workflows, including a decentralised liquidity savings mechanism.
- Project Jasper with the Bank of Canada and TMX (Canadian stock exchange) taught us that a blockchain-based CBDC leads to operational improvements, such as 24/7 access to the payment system and T+0 settlement, more effectively than existing financial market infrastructures can provide.
- Project Inthanon with the Bank of Thailand and Hong Kong Monetary Authority taught us that a blockchain CBDC allows for a cross-border corridor, enabled FX price discovery, and facilitated atomic PvP.
Blockchain is crucial in enabling the tokenisation of these payment assets, allowing for peer-to-peer transactions and distributed custody. Additionally, blockchain enables atomic transactions which means that any DvP or PvP scenario can occur, in real-time, without risk that one leg of the transaction will execute before the other.
Blockchain also sets the architecture for a more secure payment system in which there is no centralised point of failure nor honeypot for hackers to attack. Finally, it allows connectivity into a growing tokenised financial ecosystem with global integrity.
Looking forward, we can imagine a completely new architecture for money in the near future, which will, in many ways, be as significant a change to the nature of money as the invention of the credit card. This architecture is enabled by blockchain as a system of record and relies on central banks’ diligence in providing robust governance frameworks for these new assets.
Increased adoption and access for CBDCs will be the next step for central banks to fulfil their mandate of offering modern and digital payment solutions. This will generate connectivity within the financial industry alongside parallel innovations leveraging blockchain in non-payments related areas. There is great opportunity for central banks here and one that Asia is currently leading the way and reaping the benefits from.
